Pacifism vs. Patriotism in Women's
Organizations in the 1920s:
How Was the Debate Shaped by the Expansion of the American Military?
Endnotes
Introduction
1. See William
Appleman Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York:
Random House, 1969) and Richard D. Challener, Admirals, Generals, and American
Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973)
to learn more about United States foreign policy before World War I.
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2. See Frederick
S. Calhoun, Uses of Force and Wilsonian Foreign Policy (Kent, O.H.:
Kent State University Press, 1993) for more information on the decision to
intervene in World War I and American military involvement afterward.
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to Text
3. See Carrie
A. Foster, The Women and the Warriors: The US Section of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946 (Athens: University of Georgia
Press, 1989) for a complete history of the early years of the WPP and WILPF.
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to Text
4. Margaret Gibbs,
The DAR (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1969), p. 20.
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5. See, for example,
"Women to Train as Practical Farmers," DAR Magazine (April
1918): 214-16; "War Medals of the Allies," and "Uncle Sam Trains
Sea Cooks for His New Merchant Ships," DAR Magazine (October 1918).
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6. See Frances
H. Early, A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted
World War I (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997), chap. 6,
for more information on attacks on pacifists during the Red Scare.
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7. Revolutionary
Radicalism: Its History, Purpose, and Tactics, With an Exposition and Discussion
of the Steps Being Taken and Required to Curb It, Report of the Joint
Legislative Committee Investigating Seditious Activities, Filed April 24,
1920 in the Senate of the State of New York (Albany: J.B. Lyon Co. Publishers,
1920), p. 971.
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8. Revolutionary
Radicalism, p. 1525.
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Document 1
9. Roger Dingman,
Power in the Pacific: The Origins of Naval Arms Control, 1914-1922
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 216.
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10. Dingman,
Power in the Pacific, p. 4.
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Document 5
11. Richard W.
Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922-1933
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995), p. 6.
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12. Fanning,
Peace and Disarmament, pp. 12-18.
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Document 7
13. Foster, The
Women and the Warriors, pp. 50-52.
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Document 9
14. For more
information on Detzer's involvement in the Sioux City attack on WILPF by the
American Legion, see Kim E. Nielsen, "Dangerous Iowa Women: Pacifism,
Patriotism, and the Woman-Citizen in Sioux City, 1920-1927,"Annals
of Iowa, 56 (Winter/Spring 1997): 80-98. For more information on a peace
organization that did require a "Slacker's Oath," see Harriet Hyman
Alonso, The Women's Peace Union and the Outlawry of War, 1921-1942
(Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1993).
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Document 14
15. Jane Addams
to Emily Greene Balch, 31 May 1927. Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Emily
Greene Balch Papers (Jane Addams Papers Microfilm, reel 18, #1859).
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Document 18
16. Alonso,
Women's Peace Union, p. 1.
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17. Alonso,
Women's Peace Union, p. xviii.
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Document 19
18. See Fanning,
Peace and Disarmament, chap. 5 for more on the failed Geneva Conference
and the pacifists' reaction.
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Document 21
19. See Helen
Tufts Bailie, "Truth and Justice vs. the DAR Court Martial," 23
June 1928, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Jane Addams Papers, Series
1 (Jane Addams Papers Microfilm, reel 20, #22-23) and Gibbs, The DAR,
pp. 122-34 for more information on Bailie's protest and expulsion.
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Document 22
20. Mrs. William
Sherman Walker, "Synopsis of Chapter Programs: National Defense Committee,
Year 1929-1930," DAR Magazine (September 1929): 565-67.
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21. Mrs. William
Sherman Walker, "Annual Report of Mrs. William Sherman Walker, Chairman,
National Defense Committee, to the Thirty-eighth Continental Congress,"
DAR Magazine (May 1929): 291-92.
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